Interleukin-1: Macrophage Secretion and Acute Response to IL-10 and IL-13: Immune Regulation and IgE Production

Content August 26, 2025

Important cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α), then recruit (IL-8, IL-12).

Secreted by macrophages

Interleukin-1

Causes fever, acute inflammation. Activates endothelium to express adhesion molecules. Induces chemokine secretion to recruit WBCs. Also called osteoclast-activating factor.

“Hot T-bone stEAK”:
IL-1: fever (hot)
IL-2: stimulates T cells.
IL-3: stimulates bone marrow.
IL-4: stimulates IgE production.
IL-5: stimulates IgA production.
IL-6: stimulates aKute-phase protein production.

Interleukin-6	Causes fever and stimulates production of acute-phase proteins.	IL-6: stimulates aKute-phase protein production.
Tumor necrosis factor-α	Activates endothelium. Causes WBC recruitment, vascular leak.	Causes cachexia in malignancy. Maintains granulomas in TB. IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α can mediate fever and sepsis.

Interleukin-8	Major chemotactic factor for neutrophils.	“Clean up on aisle 8.” Neutrophils are recruited by IL-8 to cleat infections.
Interleukin-12	Induces differentiation of T cells into Th1 cells. Activates NK cells.	Facilitates granuloma formation in TB.

Secreted by T cells

Interleukin-2	Stimulates growth of helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells, and NK cells.	IL-2: stimulates T cells.
Interleukin-3	Supports growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells. Functions like GM-CSF.	IL-3: stimulates bone marrow.

From Th1 cells

Interferon-γ

Secreted by NK cells and T cells in response to antigen or IL-12 from macrophages; stimulates macrophages to kill phagocytosed pathogens. Inhibits differentiation of Th2 cells. Induces IgG isotype switching in B cells.

Increases MHC expression and antigen presentation by all cells. Activates macrophages to induce granuloma formation.

From Th2 cells

Interleukin-4	Induces differentiation of T cells into Th (helper) 2 cells. Promotes growth of B cells. Enhances class switching to IgE and IgG.	Ain’t too proud 2 BEG 4 help.
Interleukin-5	Promotes growth and differentiation of B cells. Enhances class switching to IgA. Stimulates growth and differentiation of Eosinophils.	I have 5 BAEs.

Interleukin-10	Attenuates inflammatory response. Decreases expression of MHC class II and Th1 cytokines. Inhibits activated macrophages and dendritic cells. Also secreted by regulatory T cells.	TGF-β and IL-10 both attenuate the immune response.
Interleukin-13	Promotes IgE production by B cells. Induces alternative macrophage activation.	Interleukin thirtEEn promotes IgE.

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